![]() ![]() A new unskilled industrial laboring class, including a large pool of child labor, faced low wages, chronic unemployment, and on-the-job hazards. Cities, polluted and overcrowded, became breeding grounds for diseases like typhoid and cholera. Many negative consequences accompanied this change. Standard Oil, Nabisco, Kodak, General Electric, and Quaker Oats were among those companies and products to become familiar household words. Several factors made this achievement possible: unprecedented scale in manufacturing, technological innovation, a transportation revolution, ever-greater efficiency in production, the birth of the modern corporation, and the development of a host of new consumer products. ![]() By the turn of the century, American factories produced one-third of the world’s goods. These economic and social crises stemmed from the rise of industrial capitalism, which had transformed America between the Civil War and 1900. To increasing numbers of Americans, something seemed dreadfully wrong. Citizens even marched on Washington as workers unemployed in the depression of 1893–1894 formed "industrial armies" to demand relief. In the same period, cyclical economic downturns spawned massive protests, including marches by millions of largely rural farmers drawn into the populist movement. The great railroad strike of 1877 triggered armed confrontation the 1892 strike at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead, Pennsylvania, steel plant included a bloody battle and just two years later, the strike at Pullman Palace Car Company brought Army troops into a violent clash with workers on the streets of Chicago on the Fourth of July. Armed conflict between workers and government and private militias broke out repeatedly. ![]() As the nineteenth century came to a close, just decades after the Civil War, many feared the nation faced another explosive and violent conflict, this time between the forces of industrial capitalism and militant workers. When Magie, now Mrs Phillips, discovered what had happened she was angry but never managed to obtain satisfactory redress.Progressivism arrived at a moment of crisis for the United States. In the 1930s Charles Darrow was introduced to the game by friends, made a copy of it, gained a patent for that in 1935 and sold the rights to a games manufacturer, Parker Brothers. She patented the game in 1903 and it gradually gained popularity. Either way the board was the same and very recognisable to Monopoly players today: if you ran out of money you were sent to the Poor House, in one corner, another corner had the Mother Earth square where you collected $100 wages for the work you had performed. She actually had two sets of rules for her Landlord's Game: one which rewarded those who created monopolies and another which rewarded those who created wealth. In 1903 the board and the rules to the game were invented by Elizabeth Magie, a politically engaged woman who was concerned about exploitation by wealthy land-owners. The early history of the game, in America, is detailed in a book, The Monopolists by Mary Pilon. Waddingtons were granted a licence to market it in the UK and the only change they made was to 'Londonise' the place names. Initially marketed with New York place names by Parker Brothers very successfully in America. Evolved from a number of property games but had reached its final form by 1934.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |